15. COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
Q.1. Explain the following terms :
(i) Ground waves (ii) Sky waves (iii) Space waves
Ans ⇒ (1) Ground waves : Ground wave are the radio waves which travel along the surface of the earth. In this type of wave propagation, a large portion of the wave energy is in the space near the surface and follows the curvature of the earth. The ground wave propagation is limited to a frequency below 1.5 MHz, which restricts channel band width carrying capacity. Ground wave propagation is useful only for transmitting the radio waves upto small distances.
(ii) Sky wave : The radio waves which are reflected back to the earth by ionosphere are known as sky waves. The mode of propagation of sky waves is known as sky wave propagation. In this type of propagation, radio waves transmitted by a transmitting antenna are directed towards the open sky.
Radio waves having frequency range 2 MHz to 10 MHz are reflected back by the ionosphere. The successive reflections of these radio waves at the earth’s surface and the ionosphere make it possible to transmit these waves from one part to any other part of the globe.
Radio wave having frequency nearly reater than 10 MHz penetrate the ionosphere and are not reflected back by the ionsphere. Therefore, these waves are not propagated through this mode of propagation. Sky wave propagation is useful for every long distance radio communication.
(iii) Space Wave : The high frequency waves (above 30 MHz) called space waves can be transmitted from transmitting to receiving antenna through a mode known as space wave propagation. This mode of propagation is limitted to the line of sight. The transmission of these waves of possible due to their refraction in troposhere.
The propagation of very high frequency (VHF), ultra high frequency (UHF) and microwaves in not possible through ground waves ans sky waves. This is because, VHF and UHF waves are almost absorbed by the surface of the earth after travelling a small distance. Moreover ionosphere is transparent to these very high frequency waves and hence cannot be reflected back by it. Therefore, sky wave propagation is not possible for these waves. To increase the range of the transmission of microwaves, number of antennas are erected as shown in figure.
Q.2. What do you mean by optical communication ?
Ans ⇒ It is a process of communication in which there is transfer of information from one point to the other. In this frequency is of optical range.
Q.3. What do the acronyms ‘LASER’ and ‘LED’ stand for? Name the factor which determines (i) frequency and (ii) intensity of light emitted LED.
Ans ⇒ LASER stands for light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation.
LED stands for light emitting diode.
(i) The frequencey of light emitted by an LED depends on the band gap of the semiconductor used in LED.
(ii) The intensity of light depends on the doping level of the semiconductor used.
Q.4. Why do we require a satellite for long distance TV transmission ?
Ans ⇒ For long transmission satellite is required because the ionosphere reflects electromagnetic wave of frequency upto a few MHz only. Waves of frequency above 30 MHz can pass through the ionosphere and can reach satellite whose altitude aare much higher than that of the ionosphere. The transponders in a satellite receive these signals and retransmit them towards different ground station.
Q.5. Define the term modulation. Name three different type of modulations used for a message signal using a sinusoidal continuous carrier wave. Explain the meaning of any one of these.
Ans ⇒ Modulation : Superimposition of base band signals over carrier wave is called modulation.
Types of Modulation : (i) Amplitude Modulation (ii) Frequency Modulation (iii) Phase Modulation
Amplitude Modulation : Original signal is superimposed over a carrier wave in such a way that amplitude of the modulated wave varies with the amplitude of the modulating signal where as its frequency is same as that of the carrier wave.
Q.6. How Ozone layer in the top layer of earth’s atmosphere save our life ?
Ans ⇒ In top layer of earth’s atmosphere there is a small ozone layer which absorb ultra violet radiation, X-rays, y-rays, cosmic rays which are very dangerous. These are due to genetic damage of living cells. So this layer prevent the arrival of these harmful radiation on earth and life is saved.
Q.7. What is earth’s atmosphere ?
Ans ⇒ The gaseous envelope around the earth is called atmosphere of earth. It mainly contains 78% N2 21% O2, with some argon, CO2, water vapour, hydrocarbon, compounds of sulphur and dust particles. On going at height from earth surface density of atmosphere decreases gradually. There is a no sharp boundary of atmosphere. It is divided into different regions such as Troposphere, Stratosphere, Mesosphere, Ionosphere, Thermosphere etc.
Q.8. What do you mean by modulation and demodulation ?
Ans ⇒ The frequency of sound waves produced by lectures or music are 20 Hz to 20 KHz which are called audio frequency signal. It has small amount of energy. So they cannot be broadcasted for long distances.
To transmit these signals upto large distance there is need of a high frequency radio waves called carrier waves. The process in which A.F. signal is super imposed with R.F. signal for transmission, called modulation.
Modulation is mainly of two types :
(a) Amplitude modulation and (b) Frequency modulation.
At receiving station modulated waves are catched by receiver antenna. The process in which A.F. wave is separated from R.F., wave is called demodulation This work is performed with the help of p-n junction diode as detector or transistor as detector.
Q.9. What do you mean by analog and digital signals ?
Ans ⇒ Analogue signal : Such signal which is continuous and changes with time called analogue electronic circuit.
Digital signals : Those signals having two levels of current or voltage (0 & 1) called digital signals : In this electronic circuit current and voltage have only two signals (on or off).
Q.10. What is a microprocessor ?
Ans ⇒ It is a part of computer composed of IC’s. It processes all the informations coming from the key board. It executes the programes, in computer.
Q. 11. What are microwaves ?
Ans ⇒ Such radio waves whose frequency is greater than T.V. signals are called micowaves. These wavelength is of the order of mm. Due to their short wavelength they can be transmitted in a particular direction. These are used in radar and position of plane is found out from radar station. Microwaves change the concept of telecommunication in recent days.
Q.12. What is ionosphere ?
Ans ⇒ The part of atmosphere which is extended from 80 km to 400 km is called ionosphere. This plays chief role in radio wave transmission. It reflects electromagnetic waves of radio frequency. In radio astronomy it is used as an obstacle because maximum part of radiowaves are reflected by ionosphere.
Q.13. What is green house effect ?
Ans ⇒ Our atmosphere behaves differently with different type of radiation. For visible light it is transparent while it does not allow to pass through infrared radiation. The thermal energy coming from the sun is absorbed by earth and objects on it and they emit again at low temperature. According to Planck’s law emitted radiation from earth are mostly infrared radiation. So, they are reflected by atmosphere. At earth surface there is abundance Of infrared radiation.
Clouds at low height also reflect infrared radiation due to which heating effect is experienced on earth surface. This is called green house effect.
Class 12th physics Subjective question in English
| S.N | Physics Short Type Question English Medium |
| 1. | ELECTRIC CHARGES AND FIELDS |
| 2. | LECTROSTATIC POTENTIAL AND CAPACITANCE |
| 3. | CURRENT ELECTRICITY |
| 4. | MOVING CHARGES AND MAGNETISM |
| 5. | MAGNETISM AND MATTER |
| 6. | ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION |
| 7. | ALTERNATING CURRENT |
| 8. | ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES |
| 9. | RAY OPTICS AND OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS |
| 10. | WAVE OPTICS |
| 11. | DUAL NATURE OF MATTER AND RADIATION |
| 12. | ATOMS |
| 13. | NUCLEI |
| 14. | SEMI CONDUCTOR ELECTRONICS |
| 15. | COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS |